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§  4 Among the ancients; these annalists were necessarily great captains and statesmen。

SECTION TWO: Reflective History

§  5 Reflective historys mode of representation is not really confined by the limits of the time to

which it relates。

___1 Universal History

§  6 It is the aim of Universal History to gain a view of the entire history of a people or a country。

§  7 History must foreshorten its pictures by abstractions。

___2 Pragmatical History

§  8 Pragmatical History takes the occurrence out of the category of the Past and makes it

virtually Present。

___3 Critical History

§  9 In Critical History; it is not history itself that is presented; but a History of History。

§ 10 Critical History adopts an abstract position; yet forms a transition to the Philosophical

History。

SECTION THREE: Philosophic History

§ 11 Philosophy of History means nothing but the thoughtful consideration of it。

§ 12 Reason is the Sovereign of the World; history therefore; presents us with a rational process。

§ 13 The World of intelligence and conscious volition is not abandoned to chance; but must show

itself in the light of the self…cognisant Idea。

§ 14 Two points of view that concern the generally diffused conviction that Reason rules in the

world。

I: Reason Governs World

§ 15 Anaxagoras was the first to enunciate the doctrine that Reason governs the world。

§ 16 That Nature is unchangeably subordinate to universal laws; appears nowise strange to us。

§ 17 Religious holds that the world is not abandoned to chance; but that a Providence controls it。

II The Essential Destiny of Reason

§ 18 The question; what is the ultimate design of the World?

§ 19 Spirit is our substantial object。 Our task does not require us to contemplate Nature as a

Rational System in itself。

§ 20 The three parts of the Destiny of Reason。

___(1) The Abstract Characteristics of the Nature of Spirit

§ 21 As the essence of Matter is Gravity; so; on the other hand; the essence of Spirit is Freedom。

§ 22 Eastern nations knew that one is free; the Greeks and Romans that some are free; whilst we

know that all men are free。

§ 23 The final cause of the World; we allege to be Spirits consciousness of its own freedom。

___(2) The Means Spirit Uses to Realise Its Idea

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